More than just an ancient structure, the Dhamekh Stupa is a sacred symbol of the moment when the Buddha first shared his core teachings with the world, marking the beginning of Buddhism as a global philosophy.
Dhamekh Stupa: The Birthplace of the Wheel of Dharma
Just a few kilometers from Varanasi lies Sarnath, one of the most sacred sites for Buddhists worldwide.
It was here that Lord Buddha delivered his first sermon after attaining enlightenment, setting the Wheel of Dharma (Dharma Chakra) in motion.
The Dhamekh Stupa stands at this historic spot, marking the beginning of teachings that continue to inspire millions.
Among the temples, monasteries, and monuments of the Buddha’s era, the Dhamekh Stupa stands out as the most magnificent and sacred—a timeless symbol of spiritual grandeur and devotion.”
What Does Dhamekh Stupa Mean?
The name carries profound meaning. Dhamekh comes from the Sanskrit word Dharmekshan, meaning “to deeply reflect on Dharma (Buddha’s teachings),” while a stupa is a Buddhist shrine built to enshrine sacred relics or mark a holy site.
Thus, Dhamekh Stupa translates to “the shrine for deep reflection on Dharma,” symbolizing the essence of Buddha’s first sermon and timeless wisdom.
Different Names of the Dhamekh Stupa
Over centuries, this monument has been known by many names:
*Dhamek / Dhamekh Stupa – local names reflecting contemplation on Dharma.
*Dharma Stupa – marking the site of Buddha’s first teaching.
*Dharma Chakra Stupa – symbolizing the moment the Wheel of Dharma began.
*Great Buddha Tower – Early Western historians’ reference to its immense size.
Despite different names, its essence remains the eternal symbol of Buddha’s first sermon and the birth of Buddhism.
A Monument of Eternal Wisdom and Peace
Built of stone and brick, the Dhamekh Stupa rises majestically amidst the ruins of Sarnath. Its cylindrical form dominates the landscape, reflecting centuries of devotion. Every brick and carving embodies compassion, peace, and wisdom.
From Ashoka to Gupta: The Stupa Through History
Initially, the sacred site was marked by a simple clay stupa, a humble structure that honored the place where Buddha delivered his first sermon.
About 250 years later, Emperor Ashoka, the great patron of Buddhism, built a grander stupa here, symbolizing the spread of the Buddha’s teachings across India and beyond.
During the Gupta period (4th–6th century CE), the monument underwent significant renovation, adorned with exquisite carvings of floral motifs, swastikas, birds, and human figures, reflecting the peak of India’s ancient craftsmanship.
Apart from this, there are also signs that the stupa was reconstructed several times over the centuries, each layer adding to its historical depth. Today, the Dhamekh Stupa stands tall and enduring, regarded as one of the best-preserved and most majestic stupas in India.
Architectural Significance
The stupa rises 43.6 meters tall and 28 meters wide, with a cylindrical body on a solid stone base. Eight niches face eight directions, believed to have housed Buddha statues. A carved stone belt encircles the stupa, adorned with swastikas, floral designs, birds, and human figures, reflecting Mauryan and Gupta artistry.
One striking carving depicts a man seated on a lotus holding a floral creeper, symbolizing purity, growth, and enlightenment.
It was here that Buddha preached to his first five disciples, the Panchvargiya Bhikshus—Kondanna (Kaundinya), Vappa, Bhaddiya (Bhadrika), Mahanama, and Assaji.
The Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta delivered here marked the true beginning of Buddhism, turning the Wheel of Dharma and inspiring a spiritual movement across Asia and the world.
Spiritual Energy and Pilgrimage
Buddhist monks circumambulating the Dhamekh Stupa is a common sight in Sarnath. This sacred practice, known as parikrama, involves walking in a circle around the stupa while chanting prayers or meditating.
The Dhamekh Stupa is more than a monument—it is a spiritual center. Pilgrims and monks perform parikrama(circumambulation) in meditation and prayer.
Its cylindrical shape preserves the sacred circle formed by Buddha and his disciples, symbolizing unity, harmony, and the continuous cycle of Dharma. The stupa radiates spiritual energy, guiding seekers toward peace and enlightenment.
Visiting Dhamekh Stupa: A Journey into History and Spirituality
A visit to the Dhamekh Stupa is a journey into India’s spiritual heritage. Standing before it, one can feel centuries of devotion, learning, and tranquility.
The circle formed by Buddha and his five disciples reflects equality and shared wisdom—much like a modern round table conference—where every voice matters, and enlightenment flows freely.
The Dhamekh Stupa is not merely stone and brick—it is the living heartbeat of Buddhism’s origin.
Rising tall at Sarnath, it marks the precise spot where Buddha first turned the Wheel of Dharma, igniting a spiritual journey that reshaped the world. A monument of history, faith, and timeless wisdom, it continues to inspire seekers of truth, guiding generations toward unity, enlightenment, and lasting peace.
Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, is a significant place for Buddhists. After getting enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, Lord Buddha came to Sarnath.
Here, he gave his first teaching to his five followers. This is called Dhammachakra Pravartanaor “Turning of the Wheel of Dharma.” From this moment, Buddhism started spreading.
The peaceful surroundings of Sarnath remind everyone of kindness, truth, and non-violence. It is not only a historical place but also a symbol of India’s rich culture and Buddha’s great teachings.
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Buddhist Ruins of Sarnath
Buddhist Ruins of Sarnath refer to the remains of the Buddha period found in Sarnath. These ruins remind us of the time when Lord Buddha visited Sarnath, and it became an important center of Buddhism.
*During Buddha’s time, simple monuments of soil, sand, and bamboo were built here.
*About 2300 years ago, Emperor Ashoka made them grand with stupas, pillars, and stone structures.
*Later, during the Gupta Dynasty (240–550 A.D.), these monuments were repaired and decorated beautifully.
These ruins may look broken today, but they are treasures of history. Each stone and pillar tells us about the rich culture of the past. They help us understand how people lived, what they believed in, and how Buddhism spread across India and the world.
The ruins are not just pieces of old buildings, but silent teachers that connect us with ancient times. They remind us of Lord Buddha’s teachings of peace, kindness, and wisdom. By studying these ruins, we can learn about the glory of old civilizations and the deep roots of Buddhism that still guide us today.
Main Buddhist Ruins:
Chaukhandi Stupa – Built at the place where Buddha met his first disciples.
Dhamekh Stupa – Built at the place where Buddha gave his first sermon.
Ashoka Pillar – Made by Emperor Ashoka, its Lion Capital is now India’s National Emblem.
Monasteries (Bauddh Maths) – Places where monks lived, prayed, and studied Buddhism.
Moolgandha Kuti Vihar – Moolgandha Kuti Vihar is the place where Buddha meditated during his stay in Sarnath. Later, a beautiful temple was built here in his memory, which is called Moolgandha Kuti Vihar.
Dharmarajikastupa– The Dharmarajika Stupa is one of the important stupas built by Emperor Ashoka in memory of Lord Buddha. It was made to keep holy relics of the Buddha and to spread Buddhism.
Panchayatana Shrine– Panchayatana Shrine is believed to be where Yash, the son of a wealthy merchant, converted to Buddhism.
The Sacred Path between the Main Shrine and Dhamekh Stupa
COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE RUINS OF SARNATH
Chaukhandi Stupa
Chaukhandi Stupa – A Sacred Monument
The Chaukhandi Stupa is one of the most important Buddhist monuments in Sarnath, near Varanasi. It is a tall brick stupa built on a square platform that is divided into four parts. The word “Chaukhandi” itself means “four sections.”
Historical Significance
This stupa is very special because it marks the place where Lord Buddha met his first five disciples—Kondanna, Mahanama, Bhaddiya, Vappa, and Assaji—after attaining enlightenment at Bodh Gaya.
This meeting was the beginning of his journey of teaching the Dhamma (truth), which later spread across the world. That is why the Chaukhandi Stupa is considered a sacred and spiritual site.
Architectural Features
The Chaukhandi Stupa was first built during the Gupta period (4th–5th century A.D.). At that time, it was a simple brick structure. Over time, it became bigger and grander.
The stupa is 93 feet high and has three square terraces that become smaller as they go up. These terraces are supported by strong inner and outer walls. The walls are decorated with niches (small spaces) containing images of Buddha and other fine carvings, which are good examples of Gupta art.
The great Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang also mentioned this stupa when he visited India in the 7th century. Later, during the Mughal period, an octagonal tower was added to the top of the stupa in 1588 A.D. by Govardhan, son of Raja Todar Mal, to honor Emperor Humayun’s visit.
Importance Today
Today, the Chaukhandi Stupa stands as a symbol of both history and spirituality. It reminds us of Buddha’s first disciples and also shows the beauty of Gupta and Mughal architecture. For Buddhists and history lovers, it is one of the most respected and admired monuments of India.
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Dhamekh Stupa – The Place of Buddha’s First Sermon
The Dhamekh Stupa in Sarnath is a very important Buddhist monument. According to an inscription found at the site in 1026 A.D., its old name was Dharma Chakra Stupa, which means the “Stupa of the Wheel of Dharma.” It is believed to mark the sacred place where Lord Buddha gave his first sermon after attaining enlightenment.
Excavations and Discoveries
In the 19th century, the famous archaeologist Alexander Cunningham studied this stupa. While digging deep, at about 91 cm below, he found a stone slab with the inscription “Ye Dharma Hetu Prabhava Hetu” written in Brahmi script of the 7th century A.D. Deeper below, he also discovered an older stupa made of Mauryan bricks, showing that this site has been important since the time of Emperor Ashoka.
Structure and Design
The Dhamekh Stupa is a solid cylindrical tower. Its base is about 28.5 meters wide, and its total height is 42.6 meters. The lower part of the stupa is made of stone up to 11 meters high, and above it rises a cylindrical mass of bricks.
About 6 meters above the base, there are eight niches in eight directions, which once held statues of Lord Buddha. Below these niches runs a beautifully carved stone belt. These carvings show geometric patterns, swastikas, leaves, flowers, birds, and human figures, which are excellent examples of ancient Indian art.
Importance
The Dhamekh Stupa is one of the holiest places for Buddhists. It stands as a reminder of the day when Lord Buddha shared his wisdom with the world for the first time.
The part of the stupa made of stone is engraved with geometrical figures, flowers, leaves, vines, human faces, lotus flowers, etc.
The remains of the Ashokan Pillar were discovered near Mulgandha Kuti Vihar.
These are the fragments of a tall pillar, 15.25 meters high, made by Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya dynasty (272–232 BCE). It is made of Chunar sandstone and has a shiny, smooth surface, typical of Mauryan art. The pillar is slightly narrower at the top (0.56 m) than at the base (0.71 m). On top, there was a famous Four-Lion Capital, which is now India’s national emblem and is kept in the site museum.
The pillar has three writings (inscriptions). The first is Ashoka’s message in Brahmi script, warning monks and nuns not to cause fights in the Sangha.
The second is from King Asvaghosha of Kushana, and the third, in Gupta Brahmi script, talks about teachers of the Sammitiya and Vastiputraka schools.
Current Location: The broken pieces of the pillar are kept where they were found, near Mulgandha Kuti Vihar.
Features: Even after about 2300 years, Emperor Ashoka’s message warning people not to divide the Buddhist community can still be seen and read easily.
Lion Capital (Top of Ashoka Pillar)
The Lion Capital of Ashoka is one of the most famous symbols of India. The capital shows four lions standing back-to-back, which represent strength, courage, pride, and confidence. The circular base has beautiful carvings of animals like the horse, bull, lion, and elephant, along with the Dharma wheels (24-spoked wheels), which symbolize justice and the spread of Dharma.
Today, the Lion Capital is preserved in the Sarnath Museum, while the broken pillar pieces remain at the original excavation site. It is also India’s National Emblem.
For a deeper understanding of the Ashoka Pillar and its magnificent Lion Capital, the pride of India’s heritage, see:-
The first Buddhist monastery built by Buddha grew a lot during Emperor Ashoka’s reign. Archaeologists have found remains of seven monasteries. Medicines and bandages were also found, showing that there was a hospital for monks and nuns.
The Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang wrote that in 630 AD, about 1,500 monks and nuns lived here and studied Buddhist teachings.
The ruins of the monastery cover a large area. There are many small stupas, brick statues of Buddha in meditation, and carvings of animals, birds, and geometric designs. A pillar installed by Ashoka shows a warning to those trying to divide the Buddhist community, proving that this place was an important center of Buddhism.
Main Shrine: Moolgandh or Mulgandha Kuti Vihar
The Mulgandha Kuti Vihar marks the place where Buddha meditated during his time in Sarnath.
Architectural Highlights:
Built on a square base (18.29 meters per side) with thick walls indicating its grandeur.
The ruins of the main gate of Mulgandh Kuti Vihar are located on the east side.
The auditorium is adjacent to Mulgandh Kuti Vihar.
This open-roofed auditorium in the temple was likely used for special purposes. It has a seating area specifically for the chief guests and the temple priest.
Dharmarajika Stupa
The Dharmarajika Stupa was built by Emperor Ashoka to keep the holy relics of Lord Buddha. Ashoka opened many old stupas and collected relics to build thousands of new stupas. Dharmarajika Stupa was one of them.
At first, it was a small stupa, but later it was made bigger many times. It had paths for walking around and stairs at four sides. Sadly, in 1794, a Diwan of Banaras named Jagatsingh broke the stupa to use its stones. During this, a relic box was found. The stone box is kept in the Indian Museum, Kolkata, but the green marble casket was thrown into the Ganga River.
Later, archaeologists also found two beautiful statues here—one of a Bodhisattva from the Kusana period and another of Lord Buddha in the Dharmachakra teaching pose from the Gupta period.
Panchayatana Shrine
The Panchayatan Shrine, located near the main temple, has its ruins preserved under a newly constructed roof. It is believed to be the place where Yash, the son of a wealthy merchant, embraced Buddhism.
Path Connecting the Main Shrine and Dhamekh Stupa
A path from the eastern gate of the main shrine takes us to the great Dhamekh Stupa. Along this path, we can see many small stupas built long ago.
These stupas are very special because they show Lord Buddha in different postures, like sitting, standing, or meditating. Each posture has a meaning and tells us about his teachings, such as peace, kindness, and wisdom.
Walking on this path feels like walking through history, where every stupa reminds us of Buddha’s life and message. It is one of the most peaceful and spiritual places in Sarnath.
There are many small stupas here that show Buddha in different postures.
Ruins found in archaeological excavations of Sarnath
Stone Remains of Sarnath
Many old stone pieces have been collected and kept safely in one place at Sarnath. These pieces are the remains of stones and baked bricks found during archaeological digging. Earlier, they were scattered over a large area, but now they have been gathered together so people can see and learn about them. The Sarnath Museum also has a collection of stones found during archaeological excavations done here from time to time.
Sarnath Museum
Image: Wikipedia
Sarnath Museum – A Place of History
The Sarnath Museum is India’s first site museum. It was built to keep safe the things that were found during excavations in Sarnath.
Design: The museum was built between 1904 and 1910. Its design looks like a Buddhist monastery (vihara).
What You Can See: The museum has more than 6,000 old objects. These include Buddhist sculptures, statues, and other artifacts. It also has relics related to Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. All these things show us the rich history of India.
Why It Is Important: A visit to the museum helps us understand ancient Indian history and the teachings of Lord Buddha.
Sarnath – A Journey into History
When we walk through the ruins of Sarnath, we feel as if we are stepping back in time. The remains of stupas, monasteries, and stone carvings tell us about the devotion of the people who lived more than 2,000 years ago.
Among the most famous monuments here is the Dhamekh Stupa, a grand structure that stands as a symbol of Buddha’s first teaching.
The Sarnath Museum makes this experience even richer. It is the first site museum in India and holds more than 6,000 artifacts.
These include beautiful statues of Buddha, the Lion Capital of Ashoka (India’s national emblem), and many carvings that show the art and culture of ancient India. The museum helps us understand not only Buddhism but also the history of Hinduism and Jainism.
Visiting Sarnath is like walking through a living history book. The monuments and artifacts whisper stories of the past, reminding us of India’s rich spiritual and cultural heritage. It is truly a place where history and peace come together.
What is the significance of the four lions depicted in the National Emblem of India? What teachings of Gautam Buddha do these represent? Why did Emperor Ashoka get the statue of these four lions built on the top of the Ashoka pillar? Today, even after almost 2600 years, the embodiment of Buddha’s teachings is a unique example of the richness of the Indian culture.
Recently a controversy has arisen over the “Lion Capital”, the national emblem of India.
The reason for this controversy was the replica of the LionCapital to be installed on top of the newly constructed building of the Parliament of India.
Highlights of the Lion Capital statue to be installed on the roof of the new Parliament building
@ The Lion Capital statue to be installed on the roof of the newly built Parliament House is a replica of the original statue located in the museum of Sarnath, Varanasi.
@ The replica to be installed on the roof of the Parliament House ismade of bronze and weighs 16,000 kg. The total height of this replica is 6.5 meters.
@ The replica was made by 100 artisans over a period 9 months. This statue is completely hand made, no machine has been used in its construction.
The controversy behind this statue-:
Major opposition parties mainly Congress and Communist Party are attacking the ruling party over this statue. These political parties say that in the construction of this statue, the four lions have been shown as aggressive, whereas in the Lion Capital statue at Sarnath, the four lions have been shown calm and majestic.
Some people say that these lions seem to be violent and man-eaters.
This dispute increased so much that some people went to the court, well the court rejected this petition, but many people are still angry about this incident.
At first glance, it seems that because of being associated with Buddhism, these four lions must have been depicted with a calm nature in the Original statue.
Are the four lions actually depicted as calm & majestic in the original statue located in the Sarnath Museum?
Close up of Lion Capital in Sarnath Museum. (Wikimedia commons )
In fact, even in the original Lion Capital, the four lions are depicted in an aggressive posture.
All four lion’s mouths are open, sharp teeth, their tongue flapping, protruding veins, heavy mane, their claws sticking out (It is worth noting that lion’s claws are retractable and they come out of their paws only when hunting.) It becomes clear at the very first sight itself that all the four lions are depicted in an aggressive posture.
Now an important question arises here.
There is a lot of emphasis on non-violence in Buddhism, then why are the lions depicted in an aggressive posture in the Lion Capital ?
Along with this it becomes necessary to find answers to some more questions.
@ What does the Lion Capital built by Emperor Ashoka on the top of the pillar symbolize?
@ What teachings of Buddha did Emperor Ashoka consider as the basis for the construction of the Ashoka Pillar?
To answer these questions, we must turn to Buddhist literature and Lion Capital. Fortunately, all of these sources are available in abundance.
IN THE WORDS OF THE BUDDHA HIMSELF
THE SUTRA OF THE LION’S ROAR
A teaching of the Buddha was named the Sutra of the Lion’s Roar by his disciple Ananda. Buddha had emphasized the need of Buddhist organization(known as SANGHA, a BUDDHIST COMMUNITY) under this and highlighted the importance of organization.
SANGHA : Monastic community of bhikkhu (monks )and bhikkuni (nuns) Buddha described Sangha as the community that supports one along the path.
Buddha explained this importance of Sangha by giving the example of rice that joint effort is better than single effort, just as a rice grain has the natural tendency to turn into a rice plant, but for this to happen some other Factors are also required such as: sunlight, soil, water, air etc.
Similarly, a person can also try to attain enlightenment all by himself, but with the help of other people, his/her path becomes easier, so association is necessary for attaining knowledge. According to Buddha, by concerted effort under the Sangha, the wall of ignorance crumbles in the same way as darkness with the advent of light.
After explaining the importance of the Sangha, Buddha described the Sangha as powerful as a lion roaming in the jungle. According to Buddha, The lion is the king of the jungle, when he comes out of his cave, the message of his arrival spreads in all four directions. When the lion roars before the hunt, fear prevails in all the animals and all the creatures start hiding. Birds start flying high on hearing the lion’s roar, crocodiles start searching the depth of water, foxes hide in burrows, even the majestic elephants which are decorated with precious jewels, equipped with golden canopies start running away from the roar.
Sangha is the proclamation of the path of enlightenment like the roar of a lion in the jungle. Buddha says that Sangha is like the roar of a lion. All false ideas and misconceptions lurking in some corner are replaced with the ideas and concerted effort of the Sangh.
The teachings of the Buddha, known as the Sutra of the Lion Roaring, make it clear that the lion that the Buddha portrayed the Sangha as, was a majestic and aggressive one.
Now another question arises as to why did Emperor Ashoka get Buddha’s sermons depicting Sangha like a lion installed on the top of the pillars in the form of idols at Sarnath and some other places?
Not only did Buddha give the first sermon in Varanasi Sarnath, but he also gave the concept of the Buddhist Sangha here and established the Sangha. Later, a huge Buddhist monastery was also established here.
The great Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang, during his visit to India, mentioned the residence of 1500 monks and nuns in this huge Buddhist monastery.
In 1905, during the excavation of Sarnath, the ruins of the Ashoka Pillar were found. A picture from that period shows the Lion Capital, and the section of the pillar bearing Emperor Ashoka’s edict. Presently the top of the pillar is located in the Sarnath Museum and the fragments of the pillar are located in a glass show case among the Sarnath Ruins.
Ashoka Pillar Fragments and the warning of Emperor Ashoka can be seen in Sarnath.
English translation of Emperor Ashoka’s warning It is mentioned by Mr. F.O Oertal. The credit for the archaeological excavations of Sarnath in 1905 and the discovery of the Ashoka pillar goes to Mr. F.O Oertal.
Thus saith the beloved of the Gods announced in the Order of Monks and in the Order of Nuns. The Church (Baudh- Math)is not to be divided But whosoever, monk or nun, shall break up the Church, shall be made to dwell white garments and dwell in a place which is not a residence for the clergy. Thus must this edict be announced in the Order of Monks and in the Order of Nuns…………………
Key points of Emperor Ashoka’s warning
Emperor Ashoka was very upset and worried about the rising trend of rebellion in the Sangha. In order to convey his point clearly to the Buddhist monks and nuns, the emperor got his warning inscribed on a pillar.
The top of the pillar reflects Gautam Buddha’s description of the Sangha as a lion and reflects the majestic qualities of the lion, certainly for this reason, Emperor Ashoka built the Lion Capital on the top of the pillar.
Observing the teachings of Buddha himself in the Buddhist literature and the warning of Emperor Ashoka, which is still inscribed on the Ashoka Pillar and the top of the pillar kept in the museum of Sarnath, there is no doubt that the Lion Capital’s lions are majestic. Depicted in an aggressive and virtuous posture.
If you want to find out the significance of the Ashoka pillar, the carved figure of other animals on the lion capital, the wheel with 32 spokes, the wheel with 24 spokes and the base like a lotus flower? You can check out this blog post that I wrote earlier—– https://nithinks.com/2022/11/23/ashokan-pillar-its-history-and-importance/
Source :- OLD PATH WHITE CLOUDS (THICH NHAT HANH)
BUDDHACARITA (ASHWAGHOSH)
THE ROMANTIC LEGEND OF SHAKYA BUDDHA (FO SO HING TSAN )
“NOW WE HAVE A REAL COMMUNITY ,WHICH WE CALL OUR SANGHA . THE SANGHA IS THE COMMUNITY OF THOSE WHO LIVE IN HARMONY AND AWARENESS. WE MUST TAKE THE SEEDS OF AWAKENING AND SOW THEM IN ALL PLACES.”
Buddha did not choose Varanasi (Kashi) for his first sermon by chance. He decided on it because many strong and wise reasons made it perfect.
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Buddha’s Quest Before Lighting the Lamp in Kashi
After many years of searching and meditation, Siddhartha Gautama became the Buddha—he attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya.
He grasped many profound truths about life, suffering, and what brings peace. But enlightenment by itself is not enough: what matters is sharing that light. So Buddha decided to give his first sermon.
He chose Sarnath, near Kashi (now Varanasi), for this crucial moment. This sermon is known as Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta—the “Turning of the Wheel of Dharma.”
Why did he pick Sarnath / Kashi? The reasons are many: some immediate, some symbolic, some practical. Together, they reveal how thoughtful the Buddha’s choice was. Below are the main reasons, followed by what his first teaching included and how it shaped the future.
Reconnecting with His Former Companions
This statue shows Lord Buddha’s first sermon in the Deer Park at Sarnath, near Varanasi. He taught important lessons called the Four Noble Truths, the Middle Path, and the Eightfold Path.
In the statue, Buddha is sitting with his legs crossed in the lotus position. One of his hands is making a gesture like turning a wheel — this shows he is teaching. Behind or below him is a symbol of the wheel, and there are deer beside it, because it happened in a deer park.
Around him are five monks with shaved heads, listening very carefully. They were his first followers.
One strong immediate reason was to share his understanding with people whom he already knew and who cared about his spiritual journey.
Before enlightenment, Buddha had five companions—ascetics—who practiced with him. After he left extreme asceticism and went his own Middle Way (balance between harsh austerity and indulgence), these companions doubted his path. They left, thinking he had stopped being serious, because he didn’t do extreme penance like before.
After enlightenment, Buddha wanted to show them what he had realized. He wanted them to see that the path he found was not abandoning the spiritual life, but a deeper, truer one.
These five companions were in Sarnath / nearby. By going to Sarnath first, Buddha could teach them, help them understand, and invite them to be the first followers who understood his insights.
This shows how much compassion and friendship mattered in Buddha’s approach.
Sarnath / Kashi as a Place of Learning and Spiritual Openness
Relics from the Time of Buddha at Sarnath
Sarnath (also called Mrigadava, Rishipatana, Isipatana — names that mean Deer Park, Hermit-Abode, Place of Sages) was already known in ancient India as a place where seekers of truth, monks, ascetics, holy people came together.
Many teachers gave talks there. Many travellers, pilgrims, and scholars visited. It was a center where people asked questions, held debates, studied sacred books, learned meditation, and discussed philosophy.
Because the people there were used to different ideas and spiritual teachers, they had open minds. They were not locked into one way of thinking.
They cared about truth, ethics, goodness. This made Sarnath a fitting place for Buddha to introduce his new teaching.
His message of the Middle Way, avoiding extremes, of reducing suffering and finding peace, would be heard.
Geographical and Strategic Advantages
Choosing a place is also practical. Sarnath is close to Varanasi / Kashi, which was a major city in ancient India. Varanasi was (and is) one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.
It was a religious center for Hindus, a place of learning, pilgrimage, and ritual. It was well known.
From a city like Kashi, ideas can travel through traders, pilgrims, and students. Roads and river routes connected it to many parts of India.
Many people came there from far and wide. Also, being near a city helped in ensuring that the message would not stay small but spread.
Cultural and Religious Symbolism
Kashi / Varanasi already had deep religious importance. It was a center of Hindu religious ritual, holy texts, scholars, yoga, and philosophy.
Many thought that spiritual truth could be found there. By giving his first sermon there, Buddha was not separating from what was sacred before; instead, he was offering a reform, a new insight.
He gently challenged extremes in religious practice (like harsh self-punishment), but did not reject all that was good. This shows Buddha’s teachings as inclusive—not destructive, but renewing.
Also, choosing Sarnath / Kashi for the first sermon symbolized that the message was for all, not just for a small group. It was rooted in a spiritual soil already well known, so people could understand more easily.
Spiritual Meanings: The Deer Park, the Wheel, the Middle Way
The place itself — the forested deer park, quiet, natural — also had spiritual meaning.
It offers peace, calm, and the ideal setting for deep understanding. In a park, trees, deer, quiet sounds — all help one meditate, listen, think.
Buddha’s sermon was not about wars or politics, but about suffering, mind, and heart. Such teachings need calmness more than noise.
“Turning the Wheel of Dharma” is a powerful image: a wheel moves, spreads, carries things around. With his first sermon, the wheel of teaching began turning. The teachings would roll out, reach many hearts.
Also, Buddha taught the Middle Way — avoiding extremes of self-denial and self-indulgence. That teaching fits the idea of balance, peace, and mindfulness. A deer park, a calm place, helps suggest balance, peaceful observation of nature, and life.
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~ When you learn something good, share it. Buddha didn’t keep his understanding to himself. He shared.
~ Choose places and times wisely. The right setting—quiet, calm, with people who are ready to hear—makes sharing ideas more powerful.
~Balance matters. Extreme behaviour (too much harshness, or too little responsibility) is often harmful. A middle way—mindful, kind, balanced—is often best.
~Traditions, even old ones, can carry meaning. But new ideas can build upon them, reform or improve, make them better. Buddha didn’t reject spiritual traditions; he showed how they could become more compassionate and true.
~Small beginnings can lead to big changes. One sermon in one deer park started a movement that has lasted thousands of years.
CHAUKHANDI STUPA WAS BUILT TO MARK THE SITE WHERE BUDDHA MET HIS FIRST FIVE DISCIPLES WHILE TRAVELLING FROM GAYA TO SARNATH.
DHARMA IS NOT THE RESULT OF THINKING. IT IS THE FRUIT OF DIRECT EXPERIENCE.
It was at this place that Buddha met his first five disciples and informed them all about his enlightenment and inspired them to follow the path of truth.
Later these five disciples of Buddha~1. Assaji 2. Bhaddiya 3.Kondanna 4. Mahanama 5,Vappa were called Panchvargiya.
Chaukhandi Stupa can be divided into two parts.
1.Ancient stupa (Chaukhandi stupa)
2. Humayun Burj
CHAUKHANDI STUPA
The stupa is square in shape. Because of its four-armed plan structure, it is called Chaukhandi Stupa. It is made of solid bricks placed on three floors.
Like other major Buddhist buildings in Sarnath, this stupa was also built during the reign of Emperor Ashoka (250 BC). Later this stupa was given a grand form during the Gupta period (500CE).
During the excavation, a statue of Buddhaand some other statues were found. The famous Chinese traveler XUANZANG also described this stupa. Xuanzang came to Sarnath in 637 AD.
The archaeological excavations conducted in 1835 and 1904-05 brought light to this 93 feet high, brick stupa laid in mud mortar having three diminishing square terraces each about 12feet High and 12ft broad, each terrace is supported by an outer and inner wall with a number of cross walls to strengthen the structure. The outer walls of the terraces are ornamented with a series of niches separated by pilasters.
There is a deep hole, about 5 feet in diameter on the topmost part of Chaukhandi Stupa (which is, also the floor of the Humayun Burj). The hole extends, vertically coming down to the ground. It looks like a tunnel when viewed from above. This hole was dug by the archaeologist JOHN MARSHAL (1835 AD) during the excavation of Chaukhandi Stupa to see it from inside.
A clear impression of the buildings of the Gupta period can be seen at the base of the stupa.
Humayun Burj
The top part of the Chaukhandi Stupa, known as Humayun Burj was built during the Mughal period. Information regarding the construction of this octagonal building is written on the square stone plate on it’s Northern Doorway. This stone plate can be seen at top in this picture.
There is an octagonal structure(Humayun Burj) on top of the Chaukhandi Stupa, its height is about 23 feet. It was built during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar. There is an inscription written in Persian language regarding the construction of Humayun Burj. Which says–
To commemorate the stay of Humayun at the Chaukhandi Stupa, Govardhan, son of Raja Todar Mall, built this octagonal building in 1588 CE during the reign of Akbar.
One such another octagonal building is located near Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi which is known as Sabz Burj.
When Humayun had conquered the fort of Chunar, he had camped in Banaras for a few days, perhaps then only he might have come here.
In the documents of Mughal era, this place has been mentioned as Humayun Burj.
A painting for Mr. Colin Mackenzie in 1814 by a painter named Sheikh Abdullah.
In this painting Humayun Burj, the top of Chaukhandi Stupa can be seen at some distance from Dhamekh Stupa. DHAMEKH STUPA: The larger stupa in the image is the Dhamekh Stupa. Dhamekh Stupa was built on the sacred spot where Buddha delivered his first sermon.
During that time there was no information regarding the history of Chaukhandi Stupa. The structure built in the Gupta period was completely buried under layers of soil for centuries and only the octagonal building built in the Mughal period was visible at its top.
In 1835, to understand the history related to this building, and to get some important articles related to Buddhism, John Marshall dug a vertical hole in this building as I had already mentioned above.
Mr. F.O.Oertel gets the credit for introducing the world to the grand form of the Chaukhandi Stupa hidden in the mud under the octagonal Mughal building. It is quite clear from the above painting that the actual Chaukhandi Stupa was completely hidden under the soil .
The memories related to Sarnath and Buddha’s teachings remained in the minds of the people of Banaras till the fourteenth century, but after that they were forgotten under Islamic rule. The pre-Islamic history of India was shrouded in ignorance and darkness for a long time.
At the end of the seventeenth century a sense of interest and curiosity about the pre-Islamic history of India aroused within some Britishers . Soon many British intellectuals, including people of all kinds, orientalists, linguists, archaeologists, historians, engineers, started doing serious work on the pre-Islamic period of the Indian subcontinent.
Soon, by the end of the eighteenth century, the ancient history of India appeared before the world in a gleaming form. The discovery of this glorious past later became the backbone of India’s nationalist movement.
Whisper of History
In 2019, Chaukhandi Stupa was accorded the status of a monument of national importance.
Presently it is a well preserved building. Chaukhandi Stupa is situated in a very beautiful garden. At a distance of about 800 meters from the main Sarnath complex , tourists also rarely come here. The serene atmosphere here is made on sight. If you are interested in ancient Indian history, then this place is no less than a jewel for you.
Even if you do not want to look at Chaukhandi Stupa from the subtle point of view of history, you can sit here comfortably for some time, which is no less than a boon in today’s run-of-the-mill life. The Chaukhandi Stupa is flanked by rows of large trees where meditating is undoubtedly a supernatural experience. While meditating in this calm environment under the sunlight filtered through the leaves of trees,it seems that the old times want to tell their history to by whispering it in your ears.
The Ashoka Pillar of Sarnath is a unique example of ancient Indian sculpture, as well as a witness to India’s history of about two and a half thousand years.
Fragmented pieces of this pillar made of Chunar sandstone were found in 1905 during the archaeological excavations at Sarnath.
Realizing the historical importance of this pillar, the top of the pillar (CROWN) has been adopted as the national emblem of the Government of India.
ASHOKAN PILLAR OR ASHOKAN COLUMN SARNATH
The pillar in Sarnath(Varanasi) on which Emperor Ashoka’s warning to the divisive forces in Buddhism is inscribed is called the Ashoka Pillar of Sarnath.
LION CAPITAL
The top (crown) of the Ashoka Pillar is known as the Lion Capital. The crown has four Asiatic lions standing back to back aggressively.
After the independence of India, the top of the pillar, the Lion Capital, was adopted as the national emblem of India.
The 24-spoked wheel carved on the base of the Lion Capital found a place at the centre of the Indian national flag.
SARNATH
Sarnath is located on the outskirts of Varanasi city in Uttar Pradesh state of India.
In the Sarnath village of Varanasi, the relics of Buddha are spread far and wide on a piece of flat land.
Sarnath is situated at a distance of about 12 km from the main city of Varanasi. Emperor Ashoka (250 BC) built Buddhist monasteries, temples, pillars, and some stupas here during his reign.
Archaeological excavations at Sarnath in 1905 AD yielded fragmentary remains of the Ashoka Pillar.
THE ASHOKAN LION CAPITAL AT SARNATH, WITH THE INSCRIBED PILLAR IN THE FOREGROUND. ONLY THE FRAGMENTS WERE FOUND OF THE WHEEL OF THE MORAL LAW, WHICH THE FOUR LIONS HAD ORIGINALLY SUPORTED. PHOTOGRAPHED BY MADHO PRASAD IN 1905.( BRITISH LIBRARY)
CONJECTURAL VIEW OF LION CAPITAL WITH PILLAR & CHAKRA
The complete form of the Ashoka Pillar can be easily visualized from this image displayed in the Sarnath Museum.
A rough drawing showing the Ashoka Pillar as a whole by Mr. Oertel, who discovered the Ashoka Pillar, Lion Capital, and the remains of the 32-spoke wheel in 1905.
A schematic reconstruction of the lion capital of Ashoka at Sarnath using the measurements and estimate of the excavator F. O. Oertel (Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1904-1905), published in 1908, and pictures of a replica at Wat Umong.
Unfortunately Ashoka pillar is not present in its complete form today, so for our ease to understand it, we can divide it into three parts.
A. Column B. Lion Capital C. Wheel with thirty-two spokes.
A. COLUMN OR PILLAR
Fragmented remains of Ashoka Pillar preserved at Sarnath.
During the archaeological excavations at Sarnath in 1905, Mr. F.O. Oertal found the remains of a square temple on the west side of the Dhamekh Stupa.
Broken pieces of the Ashoka pillar were found a few feet away from the main wall of this temple.
All the pieces of columns found in archaeological excavations are preserved at their place of receipt. One part of the Pillar was embedded in its base. Other broken parts of the pillar were also found near it.
The Ashoka Pillar is made of sandstone found in Chunar, some distance away from Varanasi. There are no joints or fixes anywhere in the pillar, so the pillar must have been cut from a huge piece of stone.
Combining all the broken pieces of the Ashoka Pillar received at present, its length is 17.5 feet. This shows that a large part of the column is missing.
Note: Surprisingly, the art of making sandstone pillars is still prevalent in Chunar.
Nowadays the use of these types of pillars in the construction of new buildings has become very rare, but a few decades ago, it was a no such rare practice to use pillars made in Chunar in the buildings of rich people. For more information please visit: https://nithinks.com/2023/07/30/dalmia-bhavan-a-timeless-journey-through-history/
THE ASHOKAN PERIOD INSCRIPTION
The Ashokan period inscription on the pillar shows that Emperor Ashoka was not very happy about the divisive forces arising within Buddhist Sanghas and for this reason, in this very inscription, Emperor Ashoka has warned the monks, and nuns who try to divide Buddhism and the Buddhist Sangha.
Thus saith the beloved of the Gods announced in the Order of Monks and in the Order of Nuns. The Church (Baudh- Math)is not to be divided But whosoever, monk or nun, shall break up the Church, shall be made to dwell white garments and dwell in a place which is not a residence for the clergy. Thus must this edict be announced in the Order of Monks and in the Order of Nuns……………
Emperor Ashoka’s warning to those who tried to divide the union.
THE TEXT IS IN BRAMHI AND THE LANGUAGE IS PRAKRIT.
Pali was the vernacular language in those days. And so the warning was provided in this language itself so that the maximum no. of people can understand it.
Even in this warning given by Emperor Ashoka, there is no glimpse of violence from anywhere, this warning shows the extent to which Ashoka had assimilated the Buddha’s teachings of non-violence.
According to the Chinese traveler XUANZANG, there was a huge Buddhist monastery at this place, about 1500 Buddhist monks and nuns resided in this monastery, perhaps this is why Ashoka has written this inscription for this monastery at Sarnath mentioned by Xuanzang.
Presently the remains of this ancient Buddhist monastery are spread over a wide area around the Ashokan Pillar.
KUSHAN AND GUPTA PERIOD INSCRIPTIONS ON THE ASHOKA PILLAR.
Kushan( second century A.D.) and Early Gupta period (300AD) inscriptions.
The Ashoka column also bears two other inscriptions of later dates.
One of them which continues, as it were, the last line of the Ashoka inscription is dated in the reign of a certain RajaAsvaghosha in the fortieth year of the era of Kanishka.
The other inscription which is assignable to the early Gupta period, that is circa 300 A. D., was recorded by the teachers of the Sammitiya sect, to which a reference has been made above.
B. LION CAPITAL (Crown of the Ashoka pillar)
The top (crown) of the Ashoka pillar found at Sarnath is known as the Lion Capital. This is a figure with four lions. Its height is seven feet and the diameter of the abacus is 86 cm.
India became a republic on 26 January 1950 and on this day the top of the Ashoka Pillar was adopted as the National Emblem of India. For this reason, this part of the Ashoka pillar is more famous than other parts of the pillar.
It can be seen as the emblem of the Government of India on all the major buildings, medals of honor,(Param Veer Chakra, Shaurya Chakra, Ashok Chakra), passports, etc.
It can also be seen on the currencies issued by the Government of India, present slightly above the bottom right corner of each note beside its value.
(Photo: RBI Official Website); Licensed by : Government of India.
Lion Capital can be mainly divided into three parts.
A. Bell-shaped vase covered with inverted lotus.
B. Abacus.
C. Lion Capital.
Lion Capital preserved in the Museum of Sarnath
A. Bell-shaped vase covered with inverted lotus
B. ABACUS:-
The abacus structure bears living replicas of four animals and four wheels with 24 spokes. These animals are lion, Bull, Horse, and Elephant.
A wheel with 24 spokes is shown after each animal. There are different opinions among historians regarding the figures of animals built on the abacus.
If you look closer at the center of the Ashoka chakra (the 24-spoked wheel on the abacus, shown in the above image) you will find that it looks peculiarly rough and eroded relative to the surrounding regions which are extremely smooth and polished.
@ Daya Ram Sahni believed that this was done intentionally. He believed that there probably would have been precious stones placed in the center of the four Ashoka chakras.
@ The centers were made rough so that the stone sticks better and more firmly at place.
Dayaram Sahni was a famous archaeologist associated with the archaeological discovery of Sarnath, the Indus Valley Civilization of India.
Opinions of prominent Historians on the figures of animals engraved on the abacus.
MR. BELL :- According to historian Mr. Bell, the shape of the four animals engraved on the Lion Capital is indicative of the animals living at the four corners of the Anotatta Sarovar(Anotatta Lake).
MANSAROVAR (WIKIPEDIA)
ANOTATTA LAKE:- This lake is located in the Himalayas and according to Buddhist scriptures is the focal point of the world. Many historians consider that the present Mansarovar Lake is the one that is referred to as the Anotatta Lake in some places.
The rivers Ganges, Vankshu, Indus, and Sita are believed to be originating from this lake. This lake is considered one of the holiest places for Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains.
BRIJ WASI LAL. :- According to B.B Lal, (Renowned archaeologist of India) the Rakshastal near Mansarovar Lake, also known as Ravantal, was known as Anotatta Sarovar in ancient times. The SutlejRiver originates from the Rakshastal or Ravanatal.
DR. BLOCKH:- He believed that these four animals are symbols of INDRA, SHIVA, SURYA, and DURGAFrom the depiction of these animals on the Ashokan pillar, he concluded that these three Gods and Goddesses had accepted the greatness of Gautam Buddha and had come under his shelter.
DR. FOGEL:- He believed that all these animals are just ornamentation, and they have been used on the abacus of Ashokan Pillar only from the point of view of art.
B. MAJUMDAR:- The most detailed, practical explanation of the animals carved on the Ashoka Pillar has been given by Majumdar, which also seems to be the most appropriate one.
According to him, the lotus is not only a sacred flower described in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist religions, as well as it is a sign of the womb of Buddha’s mother Mayadevi. Similarly, the four animals engraved on the abacus, and the 24 spoked wheels represent major events in the life of the Buddha.
GALLOPING HORSE
GALLOPING HORSE:- The horse is a symbol of the temporary royaltyof the Buddha.
LION WITH TWITCHING TAIL
LION(THE ONE ON ABACUS):- A lion with a twitching tail, Lion symbolizes Gautam Buddha being Shakya Simha. (Lion of a Shakya clan )
TAURUS
TAURUS:-It is the symbol of the birth sign of Buddha. Some historians associate it with ancient plowing and seed sowing. (Here it symbolizes the planting of new ideas by the Buddha)
ELEPHANT
ELEPHANT:- Elephant is a symbol of the dream of Mayadevi, (mother of Buddha).
From this dream, Mayadevi realized the arrival of Buddha in her womb. According to this story, Maya Devi, the mother of Buddha, had a dream before he was born. In the dream, Mayadevi saw a white elephant, which is entering her womb from the right side with a white lotusin her trunk.
The queen discussed the dream with the king. The king mentioned this incident to all the astrologers in his court and wanted to know more about this dream, all the astrologers unanimously called this dream auspicious and something very special.
TWENTY -FOUR SPOKED WHEEL
Twenty-four spoked wheel of the MORAL LAW. The twenty -four spokes on the spinning wheel symbolize the twenty-four Pratyay(teachings) of Buddhism.
The spinning wheel in the middle of the national flag of India is also taken from here.
It is known as ASHOKA CHAKRAbecause it was built on the Ashokan Pillar.
Note that these four, twenty-four-spoked wheels are the ones that are made on the abacus facing the four directions and not the 32-spoked wheel at the top.
Also note that the 32-spoked wheel cannot be seen on the actual lion capital which is kept in the Sarnath archeological site museum because it was found broken, though its fragmented pieces might be seen which are kept in such a manner to illustrate how it might have looked and this is also the reason why the 32 spoked wheel might sometimes be seen in the replicas of the capital.
C.THE LION CAPITAL
The famous four addorsed lions. The figure of four lions is built on top of the abacus. These four lions are standing with their backs to their backs.
The jaws of these lions are open and the tongue is sticking out and their teeth seem to be as pointed as spears, the claws are protruding from their paws. The well-structured venison and mane of these lions are shown very beautifully.
From the structure of the eyes of the four lions, it appears that the circular structure of these eyes must have been studded with precious stones.
THE FOUR LIONS ARE SYMBOLS OF BUDDHIST MONKS PROCLAIMING BUDDHA’S TEACHINGS IN ALL FOUR DIRECTIONS.
To a large extent, it is possible that the warning of Emperor Ashoka in the context of people trying to divide Buddhism is inscribed on the top of the pillar and these four lions are an attempt to embody and make the same warning effective.
LION CAPITAL WITH 32 SPOKES WHEEL
Lion capital with 32 spokes wheel, only a few fragments of this wheel were found in the excavations at Sarnath which are preserved in the Sarnath Museum.
LION CAPITAL WITH 32 SPOKES WHEEL (a virtual image)
THE THIRTY-TWO SPOKED WHEEL
Remains of 32 spoke wheel in Sarnath Museum
DETAILS OF THE TOP WHEEL OF THE LION CAPITAL
This wheel (The symbol of Buddhist law), originally adorned the “Lion Capital “as a crowning member, supported on a short stone shaft.
The stone shaft was not discovered from excavation but the thickness can be estimated from the mortice hole, 20.5 cm. In diameter, drilled into the stone between the heads of the four seated lions.
Four fragments of the rim portion of the wheel and spoke remains were found. The total number of spokes was presumably 32.
These 32 spokes perhaps indicate the 32 chief signs of a Great Man(Mahapurusha Lakshana) as described in the Buddhist text Lakkhan sutta of Dighnikaya.
I personally believe that the Ashokan Pillar found in Sarnath is not only the national symbol of India, but the it is the embodiment of the entire heritage of India. Ashokan Pillar is a symbol of Buddha’s teachings, Ashoka’s welfare state, and a symbol of India’s civilization and its gradual development. Even from the point of view of ancient Indian sculpture, the Ashokan Pillar is incomparable among all the ancient artworks.
Ashoka Pillar of Sarnath gives a wonderful opportunity to understand ancient Indian history, every person who wants to understand Indian history must see this divine artwork at least once in their lifetime.
Prerequisite Knowledge
The Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath is divided into three major parts:
The Pillar
The Lion Capital
The 32-Spoked Wheel
Importantly, there were two types of wheelsassociated with the pillar:
24-spoked wheel – engraved on the abacus of the Lion Capital.
32-spoked wheel – once placed on the very top of the Lion Capital (fragments found in excavations, preserved in the Sarnath Museum).
The pillar was built around 250 BCE at the site where the Buddha gave his first sermon. The Chinese traveler Xuanzang, visiting in the 7th century CE, described the pillar as “smooth as jade and reflective as a mirror.”
This diagram provides a rough idea of what the pillar might have looked like when Xuanzang visited India during the reign of Harsha Varman, also known as Harshavardhana.
A. The Pillar
The fragments of the Ashoka Pillar are preserved in a glass showcase at Sarnath.
Frequently Asked Questions about the Ashoka Pillar
When was the Ashoka Pillar built?
What was the purpose of establishing the Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath?
In which language is the warning of Emperor Ashoka written?
Who discovered the Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath?
When and how were the Ashoka Pillar, the Lion Capital, and the 32-spoked wheel discovered?
What is the Ashoka Pillar made of?
Is the description of the Ashoka Pillar found in history?
1. Built around 250 BCE by Emperor Ashoka at Sarnath, the site of Buddha’s first sermon.
2. Purpose: To warn monks and nuns against divisive tendencies within Buddhism.
3. Inscription language: Prakrit, written in Brahmi script.
4. Discovery: Excavated in 1904–1905 near Dhamek Stupa.
5. Discoverer: F. O. Ortel led the archaeological excavations.
6. Material: Made of Chunar sandstone, 40 km from Varanasi.
7. Historical testimony: Xuanzang (627–643 CE) praised its brilliance, calling it a shining pillar “over 70 feet tall.”
The Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath stands as one of the finest examples of Mauryan craftsmanship and imperial vision. Built around 250 BCE by Emperor Ashoka, it was erected at the sacred site where the Buddha delivered his first sermon.
More than a monument, the pillar carried a moral purpose: to warn monks and nuns against divisions within the Buddhist community and to uphold the unity of the Dhamma.
The inscription, written in Prakrit using the Brahmi script, still echoes this message today.
Carved from polished Chunar sandstone, the pillar reflects the sophistication of Mauryan artistry, boasting a smooth, mirror-like finish.
During his travels in the 7th century CE, the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang described it as rising over seventy feet high, “smooth as jade and reflective as a mirror,” a testimony to its grandeur.
Rediscovered during the 1904–1905 excavations led by F. O. Ortel, the pillar continues to inspire awe and reverence.
B. The Lion Capital
Lion Capital was found in the archaeological excavation of Sarnath in 1905.
Frequently Asked Questions about theLion Capital
Where is the Lion Capital currently kept?
What do the 4 Asiatic lions of the Lion Capital roaring in all four directions symbolize?
Why are the four lions shown in an aggressive posture in the Lion Capital?
When was the Lion Capital accepted as the National Emblem of India?
Why did the committee choose the Lion Capital as the national symbol of India?
How is the Lion Capital a symbol of India’s glorious history and culture?
Which animals are depicted on the abacus at the base of the Lion Capital?
How many wheels are there on the abacus?
What do the animals on the Lion Capital represent?
What do the four wheels with 24 spokes engraved between the animals on the abacus symbolize?
8. Current location: Archaeological Museum, Sarnath.
9. Four lions: Facing four directions, symbolizing the spread of Buddha’s teachings.
1O. Aggressive posture: Reflects Ashoka’s warning and authority.
11. National emblem: Adopted as India’s emblem on 26 January 1950.
12. Chosen as a symbol: Reflected peace, coexistence, and India’s cultural depth.
13. Cultural significance: Witness to India’s history, a masterpiece of Mauryan art.
14. Animals on the abacus: Lion, bull, horse, elephant.
15. Wheels on the abacus: Four wheels with 24 spokes, between the animals.
16. Symbolism of animals:
Lion → Shakyasimha (lion of the Shakya clan)
Elephant → Buddha’s conception dream (Queen Maya)
Horse → Royal power & Buddha’s renunciation
Bull → Buddha’s birth sign (Taurus)
17. 24-spoked wheel meaning: Represents the twenty-four teachings of Buddhism; also appears on India’s national flag.
The Lion Capital of Ashoka, now preserved in the Archaeological Museum at Sarnath, is widely regarded as the finest achievement of Mauryan sculpture.
Carved from a single block of polished Chunar sandstone, it features four majestic lions seated back-to-back, facing the four cardinal directions.
This design symbolizes the universal spread of the Buddha’s teachings. Their assertive posture also reflects Emperor Ashoka’s authority and reinforces the warning inscribed on the pillar below.
The abacus at the base carries rich symbolism: a lion, a bull, a horse, and an elephant—each linked to key moments in Buddha’s life and teachings. Between these animals are four wheels, each with twenty-four spokes, representing the eternal cycle of the Dharma.
This same wheel later inspired the Ashoka Chakra on India’s national flag. Adopted as India’s national emblem on 26 January 1950, the Lion Capital embodies peace, coexistence, and the cultural continuity of India’s timeless heritage.
C. WHEEL OF THE MORAL LAW (32-spoke wheel )
Frequently Asked Questions about theWHEEL OF THE MORAL LAW
18. Where is the thirty-two-spoked wheel kept at present?
19. What does the wheel with 32 spokes represent?
20. How does the Ashoka Pillar reflect the tendencies of the artists of that period?
Present location: Fragments preserved at Sarnath Museum.
Meaning: Represents 32 Mahapurush Lakshan (characteristics of great beings) in Buddhist literature.
Artistic significance: The pillar reflects the high artistic skills and spiritual symbolism of Mauryan craftsmanship.
The fragments of the 32-spoked wheel of the Ashoka Pillar are today preserved in the Sarnath Museum.
Though only remains survive, their meaning is profound. In Buddhist literature, this wheel represents the 32 Mahapurush Lakshan, the noble characteristics of great beings like the Buddha.
It is not just a broken piece of stone but a symbol of deep spiritual wisdom. The design also highlights the artistic brilliance of Mauryan craftsmen, who blended art with philosophy. Even in its incomplete form, the wheel continues to inspire, reminding us of India’s ancient tradition where faith, art, and knowledge were one.
WHEN I LOOKED AT THE KINGS OF TREES,” I KNEW THAT EVEN NOW I WAS LOOKING AT THE SELF – EXISTENT MASTER”. (ASHOKA )
The Sacred Courtyard of Awakening :
The Bodhi Tree Complex in Sarnath is a sacred place built around a branch of the original Bodhi Tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment.
It includes Buddha’s statues, images of his disciples, a large prayer bell, and meditation spaces. Monks and visitors gather here for prayers and rituals.
THE BODHI TREE SARNATH
The Bodhi Tree is the most important part of the Bodhi Complex. More than just a tree, it has served as a symbol of enlightenment, peace, and continuity through the centuries.
The Bodhi Tree was planted in Sarnath because, after getting enlightenment under this sacred tree in Bodh Gaya, Buddha came to Sarnath and gave his first sermon. It is said that here he planted the seed of the Tree of Knowledge. To remember this great event, the tree was planted again in Sarnath.
The Journey of the Bodhi Tree
It was under this sacred tree at Bodh Gaya that Prince Siddhartha Gautama, later known as the Buddha, attained enlightenment. This moment not only transformed his life but also laid the foundation for Buddhism, a tradition that would go on to influence millions worldwide.
The Bodhi Tree soon became more than a religious symbol; it was woven into the politics and culture of ancient India.
The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, deeply moved by Buddhist teachings, used the tree as a powerful emblem in spreading Buddhism across Asia. In the 3rd century BCE, a branch of the tree was carried by Ashoka’s daughter, Sanghamitra, to Sri Lanka, where it still thrives today as a sacred object of worship.
Centuries later, in 1931, another branch was brought from Sri Lanka and planted in Sarnath, where Buddha delivered his first sermon.
Thus, the Bodhi Tree endures not merely as flora, but as a living witness to two and a half millennia of Indian religion, politics, and cultural memory.
Sarnath – The Eternal Connection
Sarnath has always been more than just a location. It is a symbol of India’s ability to give birth to ideas that change the world. Just as Varanasi is the eternal city of Hinduism, Sarnath is the eternal place of Buddhism.
Here, under the Bodhi Tree Complex, you can see life-size statues of Buddha with his disciples, reminding us of the day when five seekers became the first to receive the Dharma.
Here, you can feel the continuity of history—from Ashoka, who raised the great pillar with its Lion Capital, to Xuanzang, the Chinese traveler who described the magnificence of Sarnath in the 7th century, to the Dalai Lama, who blessed the complex in 1999.
The Bodhi Tree Complex: A gift of peace for the new millennium.
The Bodhi Tree Complex
The Bodhi Tree Complex is now a vibrant spiritual hub in Sarnath. It is more than just a tree—it is a sacred courtyard filled with symbols of Buddha’s teachings.
A life-size statue of Buddha delivering his first sermon.
Sculptures of his five disciples—Kondanna, Vappa, Bhaddiya, Mahanama, and Assaji.
28 statues of past Buddhas, representing those who also attained enlightenment under the sacred tree.
A giant sacred prayer bell, weighing nearly 2000 kg, is engraved with Buddhist scriptures.
A granite plate inscribed with the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, the sermon that began Buddhism’s journey.
The complex was expanded in 1999, and the 14th Dalai Lama himself inaugurated it, calling it a gift of peace for the new millennium.
Bodhi Tree ComplexEntrance
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In the Bodhi Tree Complex at Sarnath, there is a big life-size statue of Buddha giving his very first sermon. Around him are beautiful sculptures of his five disciples—Kondanna, Vappa, Bhaddiya, Mahanama, and Assaji.
These statues remind us of the important moment when Buddha shared his wisdom with his followers for the very first time. It shows the beginning of his teachings, which later spread to many parts of the world.
In the Bodhi Tree Complex, there is a granite plate with the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta written on it. This was the first sermon given by Buddha, and it marked the beginning of Buddhism’s journey. The plate reminds visitors of the great moment when Buddha first shared his teachings with the world.
The Giant Sacred Prayer Bell
Every monastery in Buddhist tradition had a bell to guide monks and nuns in their daily routines. Following that tradition, the Bodhi Tree Complex has a giant bell, made of mixed metals and weighing almost 2000 kilograms.
Its sound can be heard up to four kilometers away. Engraved with sacred texts, the bell is not just an object but a living voice of Buddhism in Sarnath. Its ringing spreads the message of Dharma across the holy land of Varanasi.
Around the Bodhi Tree, there are 28 statues of the Buddha, ranging from Tarakan Buddha to Gautama Buddha.
Monks believe these statues are very holy. They walk slowly around the tree, praying and showing respect. This walking around the tree is called circumambulation, and it is an important part of their worship.
If you want to feel history breathing, visit the Bodhi Tree Complex in the evening. As the sun sets, monks wrapped in saffron robes begin their slow circumambulation of the sacred tree.
Oil lamps flicker near small Buddha statues, and the air fills with the sound of mantras chanted in Pali, the very language in which Buddha himself spoke.
At first, the words may seem unfamiliar—it is not Sanskrit, nor modern Hindi—but soon the rhythm and devotion touch something deeper than meaning.
Over 2,600 years ago, the Buddha chose Pali, the language of ordinary people, instead of Sanskrit, which was reserved for the elite. This choice made his teachings accessible to all, breaking barriers of caste and privilege.
Even though Pali is no longer a spoken language, it lives on in texts, universities, and in the voices of monks at Sarnath.
To hear the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta in Pali, at the very place where it was first spoken, is more than a ritual—it is like standing in that ancient Deer Park, witnessing the first turning of the Wheel of Dharma.
Why the Bodhi Tree Complex Matters Today
We live in an age of restlessness, division, and noise. The Bodhi Tree Complex is not just a tourist spot; it is a reminder. A reminder that 2600 years ago, a man sat under a tree and found peace—not in war or wealth, but in wisdom.
The lamps lit by monks in the evening are not just rituals; they are symbols. They say to us: peace is possible, harmony is possible, awakening is possible.
Buddha’s message was never meant for one caste, one region, or one religion. It was a message for humanity. That is why the Bodhi Tree Complex in Sarnath is not just for Buddhists—it is for everyone who seeks meaning beyond material life.
The Bodhi Tree Complex at Sarnath is a bridge across time. From the original enlightenment tree at Bodh Gaya, to Sanghamitra’s branch in Sri Lanka, to Anagarika Dharmapala’s planting in Sarnath—it is a journey of faith, resilience, and universal compassion.
When you stand before the Bodhi Tree in Sarnath, you are not just standing before a tree. You are standing at the crossroads of history, where Buddha’s first words still echo, where Ashoka’s vision still inspires, and where the chant of monks still carries the ancient language of Pali.
In the heart of Hinduism’s holiest city, this complex stands as proof of India’s true strength—unity in diversity, respect for all paths, and an eternal search for truth.
In 1905, two powerful events unfolded in the timeless Hindu city of Varanasi, and together they lit a spark that would help change India’s destiny.
In that single year, the sacred soil of Varanasi witnessed both the historic Banaras Session of the Indian National Congress and the extraordinary discovery of the Lion Capital at Sarnath. One event awakened political courage, the other revived cultural pride. Side by side, they stirred the sleeping spirit of the nation and helped shape the rising wave of Indian nationalism.
The Lion Capital and the Rise of Indian National Pride
In the year 1905, two remarkable events took place in the ancient and sacred city of Varanasi, which would silently shape the course of India’s future.
(I)
The first was the Banaras Session of the Indian National Congress, where national leaders called upon the people to support the Swadeshi Movement — a movement urging Indians to boycott foreign goods and revive indigenous industries.
(II)
The second, though seemingly an archaeological event, was no less significant — the discovery of the Lion Capital at Sarnath, built by Emperor Ashoka more than two thousand years ago.
These two moments — one political and the other historical — came together like two flames merging into a single fire of awakening.
The Congress session reminded Indians of the need for action and unity, while the Lion Capital whispered from the soil of history, reminding them of their ancient greatness.
A Voice from the Soil of Sarnath
When British archaeologists unearthed the Lion Capital in Sarnath in 1905, they did not know they had uncovered more than a sculpture — they had unearthed a nation’s pride.
The polished sandstone sculpture, featuring four majestic lions standing back-to-back atop a circular abacus, was a masterpiece of Mauryan craftsmanship. Each lion faced a different direction, symbolizing power, courage, and confidence radiating to every corner of the world.
Beneath them was the Dharmachakra, the Wheel of Law, with twenty-four perfectly spaced spokes, representing truth, justice, and righteousness. Alongside the wheel were carvings of a bull, horse, elephant, and lion, symbolizing strength, energy, wisdom, and pride — the noble virtues of Indian civilization.
This grand creation stood on a bell-shaped lotus, symbolizing purity and enlightenment rising from the mud of ignorance. Today, this very sculpture — perfectly preserved and displayed at the Sarnath Museum — continues to inspire millions.
The Symbol That Awakened a Sleeping Nation
India in 1905 was still under British rule, a time when foreign powers not only controlled its land but also attempted to weaken its spirit.
People were losing confidence in their culture, language, and traditions. But when the Lion Capital was rediscovered, it was as if India’s buried soul had spoken again.
The four lions seemed to roar: “Your land was once a beacon of peace, strength, and wisdom. Remember who you are.”
The message struck a deep chord in people’s hearts. At a time when national leaders were urging Indians to believe in themselves and resist foreign control, the Lion Capital stood as living proof that India had once been the cradle of one of the greatest civilizations on earth.
In the same year, the Swadeshi Movement encouraged Indians to produce their own goods and depend on their own skills.
The Lion Capital complemented this spirit perfectly — it reminded everyone that Indian artisans, thousands of years ago, had achieved levels of perfection in art and geometry that the world still admired.
Together, these two events became a turning point. The political energy of the Swadeshi Movement and the historical pride rekindled by the Lion Capital gave rise to a new wave of national consciousness.
Rediscovering India’s Glorious Past
For centuries, India’s rich history had been neglected or misrepresented. Many people had begun to believe that India had always been weak, divided, or dependent on outsiders.
The discovery of the Lion Capital shattered that myth. It proved that long before foreign invasions and colonial rule, India had been a land of power, peace, and progress.
The Lion Capital was built by Emperor Ashoka, one of the greatest rulers in human history, who chose peace over war.
Through his inscriptions and pillars, he spread the message of dharma, or righteous living, across Asia. His empire stretched from Afghanistan to Bengal — and yet, his greatest conquest was not of territory but of the human heart.
The Lion Capital became a silent teacher. Its lions roared not for conquest but for moral strength. Its wheel spun not for power but for justice. Its lotus bloomed not for show but for purity. In every curve and carving lies the timeless values of India — compassion, wisdom, and unity.
A Symbol Reborn
When India achieved independence in 1947, the newly formed government sought an emblem that could represent the nation’s spirit — something that embodied truth, justice, peace, and power. The choice was clear.
On January 26, 1950, the Lion Capital of Ashoka was adopted as the National Emblem of India. The Ashoka Chakra, taken from the same sculpture, found its place at the center of the national flag. Its 24 spokes became symbols of eternal progress, reminding citizens that the wheel of dharma must never stop turning.
Today, the Lion Capital stands tall on government buildings, coins, passports, and official documents — a reminder of India’s moral and cultural heritage. Whenever we see the emblem or the Ashoka Chakra, we are reminded of the values it represents — truth, compassion, service, and unity.
A Legacy That Still Roars
The Lion Capital is more than stone — it is India’s spirit carved in rock. From the peaceful sands of Sarnath, it speaks to every Indian heart: “Walk the path of righteousness, stay united, and be proud of your heritage.”
Even after more than two millennia, its message remains alive. The lions still roar for courage. The wheel still turns for truth. And the lotus still blooms for purity.
The Lion Capital continues to guide India — a symbol born in ancient times, rediscovered in the age of freedom, and still glowing in the heart of every Indian as a timeless emblem of pride, wisdom, and peace.
